Quote:
Originally Posted by Legs
Is is strictly a sexual urge that makes someone rape? are they not getting something else out of it, emotional or psychological?
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That's a contentious issue. Some people insist that rape is "all about" power, but I don't believe it.
The widespread belief in some circles is that rape has nothing to do with sex, and is all about one person using sexual means to demean another and so exert power over him or her.
Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer caught a lot of flak for saying something so politically charged, but their argument was: "nonsense." From an evolutionary perspective, we should
expect a certain percentage of men to commit rape if and when the opportunity arises.
What Thornhill and Palmer pointed out was that if rape was only about power, and that most men commit rape in order to "disempower" women, as many people believe -- then the majority of women raped should be older women with established careers who pose a "threat" to insecure males.
On the other hand, if rape is an evolutionary "strategy" for men to get their genes into the next generation when no other means are available, then the majority of women raped should be in their late teens and early 20s -- when they're most fertile. According to Thornhill and Palmer's research, this is the case -- women in their late teens and early 20s are far more likely to be raped than are women in their 40s or 50s, who should be the primary victims if rape is about establishing dominance.
According to this hypothesis, a large percentage (though not necessarily the majority) of rapes are committed by "desperate" men who -- because they feel marginalized from society, or believe themselves to be completely unappealing to women, or whatever -- feel that they have no hope of securing mates "legitimately." From the completely amoral "logic" of natural selection, a man who cannot secure a mate any other way "should" commit rape if the opportunity arises.
What Thornhill and Palmer pointed out was that it would be truly astonishing if there
wasn't a genetic tendency for men who couldn't secure mates "legitimately" to resort to rape if the opportunity presented itself and they could be reasonably certain of getting away with it. That way, there would be
some hope of passing on their genes. (I've heard an astonishingly large number of people claim that a woman cannot become pregnant through rape -- that's simply untrue.)
Not everyone wanted to hear Thornhill and Palmer's argument, however.
On the other hand, among mammals, it's extremely common for dominant individuals to use sex -- either symbolic sex or actual sex -- to demonstrate their dominance over subordinates. Even females will often mount subordinates and use pelvic thrusts to exert dominance.
This tendency to use (symbolic) sex to exert dominance even manifests itself in our language. The upraised middle finger is generally believed to represent an erect penis being thrust into a vagina or other orifice, and the phrase "Fuck you" originally had an "I" in front of it.
So, I think it's surely the case that a certain percentage of rapes (perhaps the majority; perhaps not) are committed by men
* who feel "disempowered" in one way or another and are seeking a victim upon whom they can vent their frustrations and assert dominance. Since women are generally easier to overpower, it's hardly surprising that most rape victims are female.
In humans, there's the additional factor that we
know sex is an intimate act that normally occurs only between people who love (or at least like) and trust each other. This makes rape all the more effective as a means of asserting dominance through intimidation and degradation.
None of these hypotheses are mutually exclusive, of course.
*And women. Women can and do commit rape as well. Of course, it's far more difficult for the average woman to overpower the average man than vice-versa, but female-female rape is probably a
lot more common than most people would ever guess, and female-male rape
does occur. (Some researchers have suggested that it's a lot more common than most of us realize, because few men will admit to being raped by another man, much less by a woman.)
Cheers,
Michael